The Stade de France stepped in to replace Saint-Petersburg as the host for European football’s showpiece club match between Real Madrid and Liverpool.

The contest was overshadowed by images and videos of bottlenecks, crushes and the indiscriminate use of pepper spray on supporters.

The start of the match was delayed by more than 30 minutes, and fans were also victims of crime outside the ground, including robberies and assaults.

A report published by an independent panel determined that there were eight factors that caused or contributed to events in Paris.

The factors listed included a substantially large number of Liverpool fans being directed to arrive via the Stade de France Saint Denis station, defective route planning between train line RER D and the stadium resulting in too many people being directed towards the stadium by one entrance, ASP3, and defective access arrangements at the same entrance.

Other factors highlighted by the report included the use of two different forms of tickets, defective turnstile arrangements, the activities of large groups of locals and a failure to police them, the use of tear gas and pepper spray on the concourse and a lack of contingency plans relating to additional perimeter and turnstile access.

The independent report accused UEFA of "having no Plan B" and said that as event owner UEFA should "bear primary responsibility for failures which almost led to disaster."

Responding to the report UEFA general secretary Theodore Theodoridis said: "On behalf of UEFA, I would like to apologise most sincerely once again to all those who were affected by the events that unfolded on what should have been a celebration at the pinnacle of the club season.

"In particular, I would like to apologise to the supporters of Liverpool Football Club for the experiences many of them had when attending the game and for the messages released prior to and during the game which had the effect of unjustly blaming them for the situation leading to the delayed kickoff.

"UEFA is committed to learning from the events of May 28, and will cooperate closely with supporters’ groups, the finalist clubs, the host associations and local authorities in order to deliver outstanding finals where everyone can enjoy the game in a safe, secure and welcoming environment."

The Stade de France is scheduled to host athletics and rugby sevens competitions during the Paris 2024 Olympics, and Para athletics during the Paris 2024 Paralympics.

The Paris 2024 Olympics are due to take place from July 26 to August 11 with the Paralympics set to follow from August 28 to September 8.