The second-seeded Swiss was beaten 7-6, 6-3 at the Aviation Club Tennis Centre by his Bosnian opponent, whose reward is a meeting with Spain’s Marcel Granollers in the second round of the ATP 500 event. 

Wawrinka, a three-time Grand Slam winner, made a strong start and moved into a 3-0 lead after breaking serve in the second game.

Dzumhur fought back though, levelling the match at 4-4 before claiming the tie-break.

He then broke to lead 3-1 in the second set, and again for 5-1, before serving out the match at the second opportunity.

"I was not good enough," Wawrinka, who claimed he is still not fully recovered from a knee injury, told the Association of Tennis Professionals website. 

"I think I started well, but it was a tough match.

"I was missing a little bit of something to push a little bit more, to be a little bit more active.

"I think after coming back after one month out, I had to recover from the injury."

Dzumhur said: "I was hoping that his [Wawrinka’s] level of game was going to go down, and that's what happened."

There was no such trouble for world number one Andy Murray as the Briton beat Tunisia's Malek Jaziri 6-4, 6-1 in his first match since suffering a fourth-round defeat at last month’s Australian Open.

Jaziri, ranked 51st in the world, broke Murray's serve early on but the top seed recovered to triumph comfortably.

Murray is now due to next face Spain's Guillermo Garcia-Lopez, who won their last meeting at Indian Wells in 2012.

Among the other winners today were Russian qualifier Evgeny Donskoy, who earned a second-round clash with Swiss legend Roger Federer by beating compatriot Mikhail Youzhny, a two-time runner-up in Dubai, 6-4, 6-4.

Spain’s Fernando Verdasco also tasted victory, defeating Italy’s Andreas Seppi 6-2, 7-5 after his opponent had stepped in as a replacement for the injured Florian Mayer of Germany.